Mr. O’Leary and Mr. Houston
English 501 US History
3 December 2001
How the architecture of Cape Cod reflects
its history.
Thesis: the architecture of Cape Cod reflects the constant changes
of Cape life.
I. There are many forms of architecture found on the Cape.
II. The economy was greatly affected by architecture- salt works.
A. History
B. Decline of salt works
C. Windmills
III. A change in the economy -the Tourism industry.
A. Inns
1. Highland Hotel
2. Snow Inn
B. Museums
1. Wick House- Falmouth Historical Society
2. Captain Edward Penniman House-Eastham Cape Cod National Seashore
IV. Public Buildings
A. Churches
B. Schools
V. Life-saving
A. Lighthouses
B. Stations, Coast Guard
C. Shipwreck huts
VI. Homes (Cape House)
A. Basic floor plan
B. Practicality
C. “Cape House”
D. “House and a half”
E. “Full Cape”
1. Captain John Kenrick House
2. Saconesset Homestead
F. Salt Boxes
1. Hoxie House
2. Josiah Dennis House
VII. Influences of the Cape House
A. Who influenced styles of houses?
1. Greek
2. English
B. Whom did the Cape House influence
1. It started with New England
2. Eventually spread all over the United States
VIII. The long lasting story of Cape Cod architecture
Shannah Gingras
English501
Mr. O’Leary
21 December 2001
How the architecture of Cape Cod reflects the history.
The architecture of Cape Cod reflects the
constant changes of Cape life. On Cape Cod there are vast numbers of different
types of architecture. Each specific type has its own story about its role
in history. Over the years architecture has been a key component in the
rise and fall of the economy, mainly the salt works industry. There are
specific buildings that play a role in the shaping of a community. Because
the Cape relied so heavily on water: “ One of the earliest acts of Congress
was to start marking the path of this wandering peninsula.” (Clark 18)
One of the ways the Cape was marked was by installing life-saving buildings
strategically. Doris Doane, a local historian and author said: “ Cape Cod
house is perhaps one of the most important single contributions the Cape
has made to the rest of our country.” (7) Cape Cod architecture style was
influenced by various other styles of architecture. In return, the architecture
of the Cape influenced other architecture in that it added a twist of its
own original style. This was evident in the shaping of the economy.
Between 1776 and 1796, salt works
were developed on Cape. After the Revolutionary War, salt could not be
imported from Europe. (Guadazno 2) England had put a tax on imported salt.
This made the Colonists need to find a way to use the salt surrounding
them. Salt became a prominent industry when import taxes went up. Salt
was produced on the Cape. (Berman 26) The Cape needed a way to use the
salt surrounding them in the form of ocean. They made the salt from solar
evaporation. Salt was one of Provincetown’s earlier industries. It coincided
with the earliest industry on Cape, fishing. (Guadazno) Salt making was
once a “mainstay of local industry.” Also it was a “key aspect” of the
individual towns, in the Capes history. (Leaning C-1) Over 420 salt works
were “living” on the Cape between 1800-1804. (Burroughs 4) “By 1837 the
salt works industry had grown so large the state assessed a tax, and kept
a record of the produced salt, capital, and number of employees.” (Guadazno
1) During the War of 1812 the captain of a British warship in Provincetown
demanded four thousand dollars to halt the blow-ups of salt works. (Leaning
C-1) “The practical demonstration of making salt awakened a new enterprise…every
man living near the salt water had his patch of salt works. Building and
repairing the works gave employment to the elderly men and boys.” (Guadazno)
Windmills (salt mills) improved the salt making industry. These mills pumped
salt water into evaporation vats called salterns. The vats could be covered
when it rained, but usually stayed open for evaporation purposes. (Leaning
C-1) The salt industry went down with the import taxes. (Berman 26)
Originally, salt was protected by tariffs.
Salt mines were found in New York where the salt was then transported along
the Erie Canal. It was cheaper, and less time consuming to extract the
salt from these mines, than to go through the entire process of removing
the salt from the oceans. These factors contributed to the decline of the
Cape Cod salt works industry. (Leaning C-1) The Cape had good soil and
a lot of timber before making salt mills. The making of salt mills, along
with shipbuilding contributed to the decline of the forests. (Doane 12)
There were other factors causing the decline of this industry. They were:
the cost of pine used in building increased, once the Erie Canal was built
it was easier to transport salt along the canal than take it from the sea,
and there was a preference for fresh food, specifically fish. (Guadazno
3) “Cape Cod salt works were destined for demise, as technological economy
quickly priced their relatively slow production rate and low profit margin.”
(Leaning C-1) There are no salt works left on Cape Cod today, all have
been dismantled and the remains used for other things. However, the mills
that helped in the process are still standing. (Guadazno 3)
Cape Cod needed more than one
mill in order to grind more corn. Water powered mills were used coinciding
with streams in many towns. The Sandwich mill still turns today. The original
purpose of the windmill was practical. There was plenty of open land, and
wind supply but a short supply of streams. The only problem was finding
capable architects to construct the mills. The main purpose of the windmill
was to grind corn. (Berman 23)
The windmills of the Cape are picturesque structures. They appear
gray with eight sided towers. In the back they have long timbers slanting
to the ground. That is where, on a cartwheel the fans are faced to the
wind. Also propped against the force. ‘ A great circular rut was worn by
the building by the wheel.’ (Thoreau 30-31)
One of Nantucket’s oldest surviving buildings is the Old Mill. During
the Revolutionary War, an English cannonball went through the mill almost
hitting the miller. (Berman 156) Windmills assisted the Cape’s economy
by making salt, which was used to store fish. (Berman 26) Windmills
were used to pump seawater into trays used for evaporation. During bad
weather, “pyramidal” covers were rolled over trays. Eastham’s Old
Grist Mill was built in 1793 in Plymouth. Eventually, it was taken down
and moved to Provincetown, and then finally in Eastham where it presently
resides. (Thoreau 20-29)
Old windmills were capable of grinding salt and grain at the same
time. Electric drives were eventually installed in windmills. This took
away the dependency on the wind, allowing the mill to work all of the time.
(Burroughs 4) “Being on elevated ground, and high in themselves, they serve
as a landmark-which can be seen at a distance through the horizon.” (Thoreau
31) Windmills are a part of the beauty that brought people to the cape.
The church brought the tourist industry.
Baptists on Martha’s Vineyard held outdoor “camp meetings,” the first summer
school. Rich people brought their children, and began coming themselves
to participate. (Berman 26) The industries of Cape Cod were fishing, sea
faring, and salt making. As their importance changed the Cape once again
blossoms. This time the beauty brought the wealth, as the Cape became a
major tourist attraction.
There were innkeepers on the Cape as early as the 1600’s, but never
did they foresee their occupation was to become a new major industry. ‘
Summer homes began to be built in the 1870’s. Soon after the Cape was discovered
to have valuable beaches and beauty.’ Tourism saved the Cape, though many
worry it will ruin the treasure it uncovered. (Berman 32)
Cape Cod has added many examples of architecture to enhance the
tourist attractions.
On Nantucket, the architecture was struggling
because there was no money to maintain the beautiful structures. As if
it were a miracle, boats once bringing merchants brought people. Houses
were maintained and Inns built. (Berman 144) The Pilgrim House Hotel was
built in the late 18th century. It is still standing on Nantucket. (Thoreau
205) “Cape Cod has been the ‘summer White House’ for more than just one
President of the United States.” Grover Cleveland owned a house called
Gray Gables in Bourne. For a time it was a restaurant, until it burned.
(Beyle 29) The original Highland Hotel was relocated to Truro. (Thoreau
147) In the 1890’s, Harwich had an “accommodation boom.” Small seaside
inns could not hold all of the vacationers coming. The Snow Inn was among
the first large inns. It had about twenty rooms. The Belmont Hotel in West
Harwich sat on 22-acres of oceanfront. It was an “impressive structure”
that attracted the rich and famous. The Belmont was nicknamed the “summer
Wall Street.” It was clearly “tourist friendly.” The tourism industry in
just ten years paid off $17,439 in debt. (Maloney 62)
Many of today’s museums were originally
houses and are another major contributor to tourism on the Cape. The Sandwich
Plantation is a museum filled with gardens, and smaller museums. They host
antique cars, folk art and a massive collection of photographs. (Berman
37) Provincetown’s Pilgrim Monument honors the Mayflower Pilgrims. It offers
a view from its tower across the Cape to Plymouth Harbor where the Mayflower
made its final landing. (Berman 72) Occupying the old Wick House is the
Falmouth Historical Society. It has double chimneys and a widow’s walk.
The first owner, Dr. Francis Wicks, was responsible for the Cape’s first
hospital. (Doane 64) The Captain Edward Penniman House was Victorian style.
The plans were brought over from France. Presently, it is a museum owned
by the Cape Cod National Seashore. (Doane 81) Along with museums, churches
were beautiful, purposeful additions to Cape Cod.
The church is one of the key reflections
of architecture exemplifying the way of life. In Plymouth, the churches
“frowned upon ostentatious display.” Luxury was frowned upon. The rich
men lived as the poor men, with everyone appearing equal. The simplicity
of the churches shows this. (Doane 12) Mashpee’s Old Indian MeetingHouse
is the Cape’s oldest church building. It was built in 1684. A Sandwich
missionary, Richard Bourne, converted many Wampanoags to Christianity.
The town of Bourne was named after him. (Berman 43) The Federated Church
in Martha’s Vineyard was called “Old Whaling Church.” It shows all of the
characteristics of the Whaling Era including original whale oil-lamps.
It is a town landmark. (Berman 101) The South Parish Congregational Church
was built in 1935 in Yarmouth. This is where most of the sea captains worshipped;
most of which are buried there. It boasts the country’s oldest working
organ. (Berman, 54)
The meeting house is without a steeple, but it may be distinguished
from the dwelling-houses by its situation, which is between two small groves
of locusts, one on the south and one on the north, - that one on the south
being three times as long as the other. About a mile and a quarter from
the hut, west by north appear the top and arms of a windmill…(Thoreau 63)
The meetinghouse, like the windmill, is “turned either by the winds
of doctrine or public opinion, or by the winds of heaven.” (Thoreau 31-32)
The churches on Cape Cod, like everywhere else, have always been a stronghold
of the community. Religion and education are key factors of the starting
of a community.
Each separate town had its own school.
Boys were often absent. They were needed to work alongside their fathers.
Children who did well were sent to grammar school. The rich children took
classes in Harwich at Pine Groves Academy (Brooks Academy Museum.) Harwich
was originally one of the most literate towns on the Cape. (Maloney 6)
Schools, along with various forms of life-saving stations improved the
Cape.
The sea served Cape Cod as a highway and
the starting of industry (salt making.) Without lighthouses or life saving
stations Cape Cod would have faced many more disasters. (Clark 20) Life
saving stations and lighthouse keeper’s homes were built during the Victorian
Period, starting in 1850. (Doane 84) The beauty of these buildings also
added to the attraction luring summer vacationers to the Cape. Lighthouses
are a part of the Cape’s famous scenery.
Economy and geography are the two main
factors contributing to the high numbers of lighthouses on the Cape. Geographically,
the Cape was a threat to ships passing by. Winds and storms also contributed
to the need for lighthouses. (Clark 18-21) The lighthouse committee has
many regulations. One of which requires the keeper to keep track of the
number of vessels passing by the lighthouse each day. Another being the
light of the house is extinguished when the sun rises. (Thoreau 146) Long
Point Light in Provincetown was the marking of a new settlement to come.
The economy of this settlement was based on fishing and salt, centering
on the lighthouse and the sea. (Rico 1) “ Chatham Light has guided seamen
for over a century.” The homes of fishermen are evident that Chatham was
a major fishing industry. (Berman 62) “Highland Light (Cape Cod Light)
was constructed in 1857.” (“Highland” 2) Highland Light is one of the “primary
sea-coast lights, and is usually the first seen by those approaching the
entrance of Massachusetts Bay from Europe. (Thoreau 131) Highland Light
is a “substantial looking building of brick, painted white, and surmounted
by an iron cap.” The government builds the keeper’s house. It is one story
and made of brick. Lighthouses have “summer oil,” and “winter oil.” The
government insists on buying cheap oil, which extinguishes easier putting
more pressure on the lighthouse keeper. (Thoreau 143-144) Highland Light
was moved in 1996, a ceremony took place where congressman Gerry Studds
said, “ While this light may not save lives anymore, it will inspire lives
for a long time to come.” (“ Highland” 2)
With flags by day and beacons at night, Nobaska Lighthouse has stood
on her rocky perch above one of the Cape’s busiest channels since 1828,
guiding seamen past treacherous shoals to save berths in Little Harbor
and Great Harbor at Woods Hole. (Berman 39)
The life-saving service was organized in
1872, giving seamen a better chance against storms for survival. (Clark
21) Like many other Cape Cod life-saving stations, the Old Harbor Life-saving
station was “once the focus of dramatic sea rescues along Cape Cod’s treacherous
shore.” Also, like many others Old Harbor- Life-saving station battled
with erosion. (“Saving” 1) The Peaked Hill Life-saving station was built
in the 1870’s in North Truro. It was one of the first stations on Cape.
The United States Coast Guard succeeded the U.S. Life-saving service. The
use of the buildings was discontinued in 1937. (Beyle 15)
On the shores of the Cape lied small huts.
They were eight feet wide and seven feet high. These huts were built to
shelter shipwrecked soldiers. On the south, a sliding door would be seen,
a shutter to the east. On the inside there was straw or hay, and a bench.
These huts were models for the huts in Anticosti. “Charity-houses” were
not built to last. They temporarily provided shelter out of the storms.
These huts gave shipwrecked soldiers hope that they could survive the worst
of times. (Thoreau 62-64)
The people occupying the Cape Cod houses
were “real.” Everyone helped each other and were unified and governed by
the strict church. (Doane 14) The settlers of Cape Cod were Puritans. They
were strict and judgmental, with exact ideas of how they wanted their settlements
to be run. In their eyes, everyone was equal, until they disobeyed the
laws. They held definite morals of right and wrong. (Garraty) Each
family worked together, everyone had a role. (Schuler 8) “From the mid-1600
until 1830 the Cape house so sought after, admired, and imitated today,
was established as an economical yet comfortable form of domestic architecture.”
(Doane 14)
The Cape home exemplifies the Cape as it changes. The practicality
varies with the homeowner. (Berman 32) There are small ways to tell the
hobbies or occupation of the residents of the home. These small “hints”
are found in the keeping room where the actual living is done. Most often
found is a worn spot from a spinning wheel or loom. Women spun their own
thread and made their own clothes. (Doane 22) Climate was the main factor
in the shaping of the Cape house, mainly wind. The wind explained why the
house was so close to the ground and had a “low-pitched roof” and hardly
any projections. Royal Barry Wills was an architect from Massachusetts
he said: “When the depression of 1932 struck, the cape became its hallmark.”
It fit the needs. These houses were quaint, economical, livable, and easily
built with stock materials. Anyone could build a one thousand square foot
Cape for four thousand dollars. Cape Cod houses were built to last. The
framing was put together by “hewn oak timbers joined by beautiful, intricate
wood joints secured with stout oak pegs.” (Schuler 7-16) The Cape Cod home
symbolizes the Cape. It has been “rediscovered for compactness and beautiful
proportions.” The keeping room has emerged into the modern living room.
The Cape house tells us that the early settlers made the most of what supplies
were available. (Berman 32)
During the Civil War, common men attempted
to design and build Cape houses. They built Capes by the thousands, setting
out to improve the house. “What post war builders did succeed in doing
was to work over the Cape Cod house until it reached the point where it
lost its appeal, usefulness, and popularity.”(Schuler 17) The Cape house
makes the distinct shape of a rectangle, sitting close to the ground facing
south. The large central chimney goes up through the ridge of the roof,
located between the gable ends. The first floor holds three rooms, all
with their own fireplace. The second floor (garret) was originally open.
Now it is partitioned off in different ways making sections. (Schuler 7)
The parlor was used for special occasions only. It was the most decorated
and furnished room in the house. The wall of the fireplace was paneled.
A wide board (wainscoting) was all around the rest of the room, often decorated.
(Doane 20) The walls are made of wood, as is the roof. The second floor
has up to five windows for lighting. (Schuler 7) To get to the second story
you would take the stairs. Sometimes the stairs were in the kitchen, but
were sealed off to avoid heat loss. “Good morning stairs are when you step
through the front door, they are practically within arms reach.” (Schuler
10) The attic sleeping chambers depended solely on windows for light and
ventilation. These windows gave personality to the houses. (Doane 32) “The
Cape house is a style of architecture that may be defined as a frame structure
one-and-a-half stories high with a pitched roof.” A chimney was a major
defining aspect of the Cape house. It was located opposing the front door
and went through the roof. (Doane 17) The chimney was a characteristic
native to New England. Throughout the house were many fireplaces. This
was the main source of heat against the cold climate. When new heat sources
were discovered, the common chimney became scarcer. (Goldstein 3) A typical
roof of a Cape Cod house had gables on the sides. The roof was pitched
for appearance. The steepness of the roof depends on the house size. The
roofs were made of pine “shakes” and eventually red cedar shingles. They
were on top of vertical boards and layered numerous times. (Doane 30) Windows
in the gables were placed what appeared to be randomly. “The great number
of windows and their irregularity in size and position struck us agreeably.
The most distinctive feature of the Cape Cod house is the roof. It is uncommonly
steep and large.”(Schuler 13)
Cape Cod houses were constructed for practicality
although some extravagances were added. The Cape Cod houses faced south.
This was to add extra warmth corresponding with the fireplace. These were
the only heat sources in the house. (Berman 29) To avoid the winds as much
as possible, the houses were mostly built along the bay. There were three
basic forms of the house, the original being “the house,” and then the
double house (full cape) and the house and a half (3/4 house.) Walls were
whitewashed to compensate for the darkness and size of the windows. Color
was added with rugs. White picket fences were common to the Cape, but not
for decoration. They were used to keep cattle from drifting and sand from
piling. (Schuler 8-15) All Cape houses had the same basic layout. Across
the back of the house would be the keeping room. It functioned as kitchen,
work area, and living room. The borning room was found off of the keeping
room. This is where babies were born. It connected to the kitchen and provided
warmth. The pantry (butree) was found just off the keeping room.
It was used for storage of food, dishes etc. In the butree there was a
trap door leading to the cellar. (Doane 18) The roof and walls were made
of thick wood serving as the only insulation. In the later houses a narrow
layer of seaweed was put in the walls in place of custings. The kitchen
resided in the back of the house. It is oblong, and narrow. This is where
the family spent most of the time. On the wings of the kitchen were the
buttery and a bedroom. (Schuler 12-14) Family size growing brought a need
for a new roof structure. The bowed roof modeled after a ship bottom was
the product. It formed an arc. Another variation is the gambrel. It allowed
almost a full story in the attic. Doris Doane says a gambrel roof is: “
The most beautiful model yet devised for applying the virtues of a short
hoist to a two story house.” (34)
“The Cape Codder was his own carpenter, and however modest his abilities,
the details of his house were designed for practicality and fashioned with
loving care.” (Doane 49)
The widow’s walk was added to the house so wives of men at sea could
scan the horizon awaiting their Captain’s return. (Doane 64) The Cape’s
are adapted to fit the modern needs. “It has endured and served its purpose
well for 300 years. There are not many man-made things in this world about
which that can be said.” (Schuler 17)
The Cape house is also called a half house.
It consists of two windows on one side of the door. The house is the basic
foundation for the three-quarter house and full house. It is very simple.
There is a keeping room, buttery, borning room, and parlor. Half houses
are very small. Originally they were used as “dowry cottages” for daughters.
(Doane 17-20) Most Cape’s have one story. They are made with pine shingles,
and have a centralized chimney providing the heat source. The door has
a window on each side. Under the roof, which is straight, there are two
chambers. “The Cape house is a small one-story building with a central
chimney. It was developed in New England during the 17th and 18th centuries.
It was revived in the 1930’s – 40’s when small, economical houses were
popular.” (Goldstein 1-3)
A three-fourth house is a half house with
one extra window. (Doane 17) The three-quarter house also has one extra
bedroom. It was found opposite the parlor and could only be entered from
the keeping room. (Doane 22) In the three-quarter house they are more than
just one room in the front of the house. In the half-house only the parlor
is found in the front of the house. A three-quarter house is almost the
same as a full Cape, with a narrower hall. (Schuler 10)
A full Cape is the smaller house doubled.
The original Cape consisted of the hall and parlor. The hall is the present
day living room. The parlor was the master bedroom. Eventually, the kitchen
moved to the back with pantries and other rooms off of the wings. (Goldstein
3) A double house has a door as the center. It is symmetrical with two
windows on the sides of the door. (Schuler 17) The full Cape is what is
thought of as the present day Cape Cod house. The chimney is right in the
middle of the roof. The full cape has a bedroom and the parlor on either
side of the front hall. In the bedroom, there are more windows that balance
those of the parlor. There is space for extra rooms off of the keeping
room. The Captain Jonathan Kenrick House in east Dennis was built in 1777.
It is a beautiful full cape. The house has a white chimney with a black
stripe around it. This is thought to symbolize “loyalist sympathies” during
the Revolution. (Doane 26)
The saltbox house is not very common on
the Cape anymore, but it originated in Sandwich. It has a short front roof
and long slanting back roof. The long back end of the roof saved money
by acting as a wall. Cape houses facing south allowed snow to slide down.
They withered the worst of storms. Heat was saved inside the house. In
Sandwich, the Hoxie House was built in 1637. It is the oldest “surviving”
house on the Cape. It is the model saltbox all others were based on. The
Hoxie House has Indian doors. They lead from the backyard to the keeping
room. They are wide, vertical boards on the outside nailed to horizontal
boards on the inside of equal width. They were made to deflect Indian axes.
(Doane 41-42) The Josiah Dennis House in Dennis is another example of a
saltbox. The town of Dennis was named after Josiah Dennis. It has ten rooms
and five fireplaces. The keeping room has an eighteenth century oven. It
is in the process of being restored by the Dennis Historical Society. (Doane
46)
Cape Cod styles of architecture are based
on other country’s designs, mainly the Greek and English. After 1850, the
“Victorian Age” came into view. Gone was the beautiful simplicity to be
overcome with embellishments. The Captain Edward Penniman House in Eastham
is an example of this era. This period is also what lighthouse keeper’s
homes and life-saving stations were modeled after. (Doane 81-84) In the
1820’s Greek revival architecture became popular. It brought drastic, more
lavish change to the style of the Cape, Gradually the Greek appearance
began to take over that of the simply elegant Cape Cod house. “The most
common Greek revival house was white clapboard, generally placed with the
gable end facing the street, with many windows. Also added were pillars
on the sides of the windows” (Doane 73) On Martha’s Vineyard whaling became
a large industry. The sea captains owned mansions. They were modeled after
white Greek revival homes. Whaling became the industry that brought in
money. Dark shutters, fanlights, and widow’s walks were all found during
this time period. (Berman 100) The antique shop on Main Street in Harwich
is a great example of Greek revival. It was built in 1836. The households
“lovely classic detail” It reflects the Greek in the form of columns and
“peek-a-boo” windows. Both Greek revival and the Cape Cod house share a
beautiful simplicity. (Doane 78) The Cape Cod house was modeled after the
“half-timbered English house with its hall and parlor.” The English colonists
adapted it to the harsh New England climate, from there the design spread.
(Goldstein 2)
The Cape Cod houses were built all over
New England from the end of the seventeenth century until 1850. Towards
the end of this run, the style started to vary. Greek revival influenced
it instead of the traditional English house. Goldstein said: “The Cape
Cod house is one of New England’s most significant contributions to American
Culture.” During the 1940-50’s veterans of World War II started buying
homes. Plans made their way through the nation. (2-4) Pratt said:
“For every town in every state is familiar with various versions of the
Cape Cod cottages, the imitations never quite matching the fine originals.”
(14) In the traditional Cape, details were changing. Capes were found more
commonly around the United States. As this happened, there were small substitutions,
like in Connecticut they had stone fireplaces as opposed to brick. These
houses have and always will be easily recognizable. In 1850, the passion
for the Cape house died down. In the 1940’s it was reborn changing from
a New England house, to a National house. It was found regularly from California
all the way “home” to Cape Cod. (Schuler 15)
In conclusion, architecture is one of the
sole ways to tell the history of Cape Cod. Driving throughout the town,
every building has a story all they need is someone to tell it. These buildings
were all built for a purpose, and those of which are still standing may
not still serve the original purpose, but over time they have developed
a new one. That purpose now is to be appreciated by all of those who see
them. People come from all over the world to see them. Lighthouses, and
windmills are some of the most popular attractions of the Cape.
Today the Cape Cod house appeals to our sense of heritage. House
plan names like ‘Nantucket’ appeal to the romance of old New England. There
are even paint colors named after Cape Cod. The Cape Cod house, New England’s
most popular export, has endured through a combination of nostalgia and
practicality. (Goldstein 4)
Cape Cod architecture is art. It is a large landscape, to be interpreted
however one would like, “but without knowing ones history it is all irrelevant.”
(Mr. Houston, history class) The architecture makes Cape Cod a beautiful
place for everyone to be.
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